After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the only superpower left in the world is the United States. Why did the Soviet Union disintegrate? Here are some relevant materials about the disintegration of the Soviet Union I sorted out for your reference.
(I) disadvantages of the Soviet model
1. Economic factors. The formation of the highly centralized economic system of the Soviet Union and the 1930s showed great superiority in the development process and created recognized historical achievements, making the Soviet Union the second superpower. However, this economic system and development model have great defects and disadvantages, can not give full play to the initiative and enthusiasm of local governments, enterprises and individuals, and lack vitality and vitality; Failure to carry out technological transformation in time to improve economic benefits, so that economic development has always been in a state of extensive management; Unable to correctly adjust the economic structure and promote the all-round development of the economy, the proportion of consumer goods production was too low, so that the Soviet people's life could not realize the transformation from well-off to affluence; We cannot fully open to the outside world and draw on the strengths of all countries in the world for our own use. In this way, it is bound to turn itself from stagnation to backwardness and fall into economic difficulties. It was this system that made the Soviet Union's economy difficult to do well and unable to go up. This is the deep-seated reason of the Soviet body.
2. Political factors. There are serious drawbacks in the political system of the Soviet Union. First, there is no distinction between the party and the government, and the party replaces the government. The ruling party has not found a way to manage the party well and participate in the management of the state. The long-term ruling position of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, coupled with the imperfect legal system and the lack of a strong supervision mechanism, undermined inner-party democracy and seriously divorced the party from the masses; It is also inevitable that there are all kinds of bad elements in the party. As Communists, they use their functions and powers to do all kinds of things that violate the law and discipline, seriously damage the interests of the state and the people, damage the reputation and image of the party, and arouse the dissatisfaction and even hatred of the people. The second is the excessive concentration of power. The concentration of power in the hands of the party and leading cadres undermines democratic centralism, weakens socialist democracy, and suppresses the enthusiasm and creativity of the people. After Gorbachev came to power, he believed that the two systems of socialism and capitalism "converged", and carried out the reform of "humane and democratic socialism" [1] (p776) on the political system of the Soviet Union. In fact, he completely adopted the western set, engaged in political pluralism, implemented the multi-party system, and weakened and abolished the leadership and ruling power of the Soviet Communist Party.
(II) ideological errors
For a long time after the Soviet Union gained the ruling position, it went to extremes in cultural issues. Firstly, it sanctifies, dogmatizes and closes Marxist theory, and excludes foreign culture, especially western culture; Later, he carried out "democratization", "openness" and "pluralism" in the ideological field, worshipped western culture, and finally completely deviated from and abandoned Marxism in the guiding ideology.
Lenin can be regarded as a model in dealing with Marxism correctly. In his article "the mission of the Communist Youth League", he called on young people to study Marxism and communism hard, but avoid "rote memorization" and "use the understanding of basic implementation to develop and enhance the thinking ability of each learner, because if all the knowledge learned is not integrated, communism will become a castle in the air and an empty signboard, and communists will only be some braggers" [2] (P285). We should not only seriously study Marxism, but also integrate it with practice, expand knowledge and integrate it. This is the correct attitude towards Marxism advocated by Lenin. However, since the 1920s, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union has embarked on a path of cultural autocracy, and inner-party dogmatism has become increasingly serious. In the fierce inner-Party struggle, Stalin took advantage of his special position in the interpretation of Leninism to generalize and deify Leninism in the process of safeguarding Lenin and Leninism, resulting in its serious dogmatization. At the same time, with Stalin's acquiescence, the Soviet Union launched an unprecedented God making movement to deify Stalin. The combination of dogmatism and personal worship made Stalin the embodiment of the party and the embodiment of truth. In 1956, the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held. Khrushchev exposed the mistakes of personal worship in Stalin's period, which promoted ideological emancipation to a certain extent. However, Khrushchev failed to overcome the serious dogmatism in the party, and his thought was still in prison. Brezhnev's period did not jump out of the box of dogmatism.
In 1985, Gorbachev, known as a "reformer", came to power and soon put forward slogans such as "openness", "democratization" and "pluralism", trying to change the closed and rigid situation in the past. However, "democratization" has not become true democracy, but a liberalization that distorts and vilifies socialism; "Openness" is to wantonly attack and slander the Communist Party of the Soviet Union under the guise of "openness"; "Pluralism" actually allows all kinds of non Marxist and even anti Marxist thoughts to grow arbitrarily. In this way, the Soviet Communist Party suddenly jumped from the long-term "left" to the right, and seriously deviated from Marxism.
(III) "peaceful evolution" of western countries is an important external factor
The long-term implementation of the "peaceful evolution" strategy by western countries is the external reason for the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Since the 1950s, western countries began to implement the strategy of "peaceful evolution" against socialist countries in a vain attempt to bring down socialism by non war means such as politics, economy and culture. In 1975, Nixon put forward the strategy of "winning without war" for socialist countries; In 1989, Bush put forward the strategy of "surpassing containment". The western countries took advantage of the opportunity of serious problems and ongoing reform in the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries to "peaceful evolution" of the Soviet Union with economic aid as the bait. In order to get the assistance of western countries, the Soviet Union did not hesitate to give in to a series of policies at home and abroad, catered to western countries and went to the abyss step by step.
(4) the mistakes in the national policy caused fierce national contradictions and accelerated the disintegration of the Soviet Union
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union deviated from the Marxist national view, ignored the actual process of the development of all ethnic groups in the Soviet Union, and made a series of mistakes in national theories and policies, which seriously hurt the non Russian people. In 1936, Stalin proposed that the Soviet Union had built socialism, and took this as the starting point, believing that "the basic organizer of national disputes, that is, the exploiting class, has been eliminated" [3] (p516), and the problems related to the equality of rights, economy and culture of all ethnic groups have been basically solved. From this, he blindly believed that "real brotherly cooperation" among all ethnic groups in the Soviet Union has been established, so he ignored the long-term nature and complexity of national problems. The policy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to deal with national contradictions violates the Marxist principle of national equality and solves national contradictions by means of class struggle. More seriously, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union violated the Marxist principle of national equality and tolerated the long-term existence of Russian Grand nationalism. These erroneous ethnic theories and policies of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union not only caused the dissatisfaction of ethnic minorities with the Communist Party of China, but also caused greater hatred and estrangement of ethnic minorities against the Russian nation, the strong dissatisfaction of the people with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the intensification and conflict of ethnic contradictions, and finally led to the declaration of independence of some republics and the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
I. deny the party's history and leaders
"If you want to destroy your country, you must destroy your history first.". Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Gorbachev and Yeltsin repeatedly denied Stalin, the October Revolution and the glorious history of the Soviet Communist Party.
Khrushchev was the most typical. In March 1939, he flattered Stalin 32 times in his 20 minute speech at the 18th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Stalin was also touted at the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1952. In 1954, he ordered the publication of a eulogy editorial on the first anniversary of Stalin's death.
He often said that Stalin was "the greatest genius, mentor and leader of mankind", "the great victorious general" and "his biological parents". However, at the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he cursed Stalin as a "murderer", "robber", "gambler", "Russia's largest dictator", "asshole", "idiot", and added all the ugliest and dirtiest languages to Stalin. At the same time, he slandered Stalin for "losing vigilance" before the war, for "panic" after the outbreak of the war, and for "relying on the globe to command" during the war. This is a lie that even children won't believe.
After the 22nd National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Khrushchev removed Stalin's body from Lenin's tomb and cremated it, which further caused ideological confusion within the party and the masses, and provided shells for imperialists to attack the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. After Gorbachev came to power, he went further, from negating Stalin to negating Lenin, negating the socialist system, the history of the Soviet Union and the leadership of the party, which finally led to the demise of the Soviet Communist Party.
How to evaluate the history of Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party is still a focus to summarize the lessons of the Soviet Communist Party's failure. Although Stalin made some mistakes and there were some defects in the socialist system of the Soviet Union (a new social system is inevitable), according to practical standards, the Soviet Union in Stalin's period had a great development in social productivity and realized national industrialization and agricultural collectivization compared with 1913 (the highest year of Russia before World War I). The comprehensive national strength of socialist countries has increased, the most prominent performance of which is the defeat of German and Japanese fascists. People's living standards have also been greatly improved. Churchill once pointed out that what he took from the Czar was a wooden plow, and what he left when he died was an atomic bomb.
Some said that the "Stalin Model" and "highly centralized planning system" were the main reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union. This is also not comprehensive. On the eve of the collapse of the Soviet Union, its total economy was second only to the United States, equivalent to the sum of European capitalist countries. Its advanced science and technology could keep pace with the United States, and some even ahead of the United States. Even if there was some disharmony between light and heavy industries, it would not lead to failure. Not to mention that the disintegration of the Soviet Union occurred 38 years after Stalin's death. How can we blame the cause of failure on the people who had already died?
II. Loss of dominance in the ideological field
Lenin profoundly pointed out: without revolutionary theory, there would be no revolutionary movement; Revolutionary theory is the guide to action. The victory of the October Socialist Revolution of the Soviet Union is a model of Lenin's application of the basic principles of Marxism to the practice of the Russian Revolution. An important reason for the failure of the Soviet Communist Party is that the party deviated from Marxism Leninism in theory, which made the whole party lose the correct theoretical guidance and caused ideological confusion inside and outside the party. After Khrushchev came to power, he opposed Stalin greatly, but he made theoretical innovations according to the development and changes of world politics and economy and the new situation of the rise of technological revolution, which stagnated the party's theory, and even put forward the blind and unrealistic theory of "building communism in 20 years". Although Brezhnev made some repairs, he basically adhered to the Khrushchev line without Khrushchev. Gorbachev went to extremes. The essence of his "new thinking" and "democratization" and "openness" is to deny Marxism Leninism and socialism.
Comrade Mao Zedong profoundly pointed out that to overthrow a political power, we must first create public opinion, as is the case with the revolutionary class and the counter revolutionary class. The chief director of the band is Gorbachev. For a time, socialism, Stalin and Lenin were said to be worthless, and capitalism became a paradise on earth. We will do our utmost to suppress the forces that support socialism and Marxism Leninism. The result is serious ideological confusion within the party and the people's loss of common ideals. Gorbachev did not admit to himself at the American University Seminar in Ankara, Turkey, in 1999: the purpose of my life is to eliminate communism. Facing the failure of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, he said: "the purpose of my life has been achieved".
Three, the party's organization has lost its advanced nature.
With the degeneration of the leadership of the Communist Party of Soviet Union, the grass-roots organizations of the Soviet Communist Party also lost their advanced nature, lost their cohesive force, appeal and fighting capacity, could not play the role of fighting fortress, and the quality of Party members was dropping. On the eve of the collapse, most party organizations and Party members had no real name. Some said that the Communist Party of the Soviet Union won the February Revolution when it was 200000 party members, won the October Revolution when it was 350000 party members, defeated Hitler and Japanese fascists when it was 5.5 million Party members, and lost power when it was nearly 20 million Party members. The party's ideological education has been neglected for a long time. The party's organizational life is lax and has lost criticism and self-criticism. Many party members lack communist ideals and socialist beliefs and lose their way forward. A considerable number of people join the party not to strive for the realization of the party's program and objectives, but to reap benefits from their official career and material benefits. When the Russian Communist Party was rebuilt in 1993, less than 10% of the former Soviet Communist Party members joined the Russian Communist Party. St. Petersburg has 500000 former Soviet Communist Party members, and only 21000 joined the Russian Communist Party in 1993. Kalinin District of the city has more than 20000 former Soviet Communist Party members, while only 85 joined the Russian Communist Party.
When the former Soviet Union disintegrated, it was stipulated that party members must choose which side to take politically within two hours. As a result, the vast majority took Yeltsin's side. This shows that after 35 years of transformation, the quality of Party members has seriously declined, and their ideals and beliefs have been shaken and disintegrated. It can be seen how terrible it is to simply pursue the number of Party members and ignore the quality! Lenin said that those party members who have no real name should not be given for nothing. I'd rather have less, but better. How pertinent and profound these words are!
One of Lenin's party building principles is that the party should implement democratic centralism. During Lenin's period and Stalin's early stage, inner-party democratic centralism was well implemented. Later, Stalin also engaged in "one speech hall" and "patriarchal system". For a long time, he did not hold the party's Congress and Central Committee and engaged in personal worship. Khrushchev came to power by opposing "personal superstition", but after he came to power, his "personal superstition" was more serious than Stalin. Brezhnev is also arbitrary. Even for such a major matter as sending troops to Afghanistan, several people overturned the decision of the Political Bureau not to send troops. "Democratization" and "openness" advocated by Gorbachev. Such a party will inevitably lose the trust and supervision of Party members and the masses. How can it not fail?
IV. The Party's work style is corrupt and seriously divorced from the masses
The Party style of the ruling party is related to the life and death of the party. During Lenin's period, he paid great attention to the construction of the party's work style and strictly required leading cadres and Party members at all levels to be honest, work hard, participate in labor, oppose bureaucracy and be divorced from the masses.
The United Communist Party (Bolshevik) party history secondary school specially tells the story of Aetna and mother earth, and deeply expounds the extreme importance of close contact with the masses. Lenin firmly opposed special and set an example. He often receives visitors in his office. According to records, only from October 2 to December 16, 1922, 125 people were received in person.
Stalin was also a commendable model in demanding himself and working hard and plain. During World War II, his son Yakov was captured by the German army. Hitler proposed to release Yakov in exchange for the captured German general Paulus. Stalin's answer was "I won't exchange a general for a soldier". As a result, Yakov died in the German Fascist concentration camp. During the period of peace building, he always maintained a simple style of life. A short fur coat was worn from the October Revolution to his death. When he checked his belongings after his death, he found that he had only 900 rubles in deposit. In the later period of Stalin, there was also bureaucratism that was high above and divorced from reality, especially the "personal worship", which seriously damaged the political life of the party and the state, and bred the tendency of specialization in the party. During Khrushchev's period, the party's style further deteriorated and gradually formed a privileged class.
Khrushchev did not pay attention to principles, gave blind directions, talked big, empty and stereotyped words, and acted recklessly. He not only proposed to build communism in 20 years, but also established an industrial party and an agricultural party, blindly reclaimed "virgin land" and expanded corn, which damaged agricultural production and seriously damaged the ecological environment. Brezhnev inherited Khrushchev's mantle and further deteriorated the Party style. He himself was keen to pursue superficial honors and rewards. During his reign, he even received more than 200 medals. In the funeral procession after his death, as many as 44 officers carried various medals and medals for him. He will also be juxtaposed with Lenin. In the October Revolution Day parade in 1977, a portrait of Brezhnev of the same size as Lenin appeared. On one visit to Azerbaijan, Aliyev, the first Secretary of the Communist Party of the Republic, gave him a valuable bust made of pure gold. Aliyev was soon transferred to Moscow as the first vice chairman of the Council of ministers and became a member of the Political Bureau.
During Gorbachev's period, the corruption in the party was more serious. The higher the position of a cadre, the more privileges. There are more than 100 special stores in Moscow, where all kinds of imported daily necessities are available for senior cadres, which is seriously divorced from the masses. Some senior cadres' children also rely on the authority of their relatives to commit crimes, embezzle and accept bribes, smuggle and sell smuggled goods. The reform implemented by Gorbachev has become the catalyst of the new bourgeoisie, and a large number of cadres are corrupt and degenerate. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, many of the tycoons in Moscow and senior officials in the Russian government were cadres of the former Soviet Communist Party.
Fifth, it seriously violates the Marxist Leninist cadre line
Since the Stalin period, there has been a phenomenon of "cruel struggle and ruthless attack" on comrades with different opinions, and even some cadres have been wronged. Khrushchev, Brezhnev and Gorbachev seriously violated the cadre line of Marxism Leninism, and appointed people on favoritism. Relatives and friends, classmates, hometown and subordinates were highly valued. "Those who follow me prosper and those who oppose me perish" has almost become a common phenomenon. Those who dare to tell the truth and make criticisms are attacked and persecuted. Therefore, the low-level and vulgar trend in the party prevails, and only compliments, polite words, official words and cliches are said to leaders. The party's political standards and the principle of virtue and talent in the selection of cadres have been replaced by cronyism, and it has become legal to cultivate confidants and form gangs.
During Gorbachev's period, he promoted his cadre line of cronyism under various excuses. Shortly after taking office, he reorganized the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee and the Political Bureau, added eight members, alternate members and the Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, and dismissed two. The chairman and six vice chairmen of the Council of ministers were replaced, and more than 40 ministers of the Party Central Committee and government and nearly 100 secretaries of the State Party committee were replaced. In just a few years, 92.5% of the secretaries of the prefectures and districts directly under the central government have been replaced. The wrong cadre line has caused unprecedented ideological confusion among party, government and military cadres, seriously damaged the party's prestige and caused cadres' centrifugal tendency towards the party.
Many comrades of the Communist Party of Russia believe that the Communist Party of the Soviet Union has not solved the replacement of the old and the new leadership, and there are problems in the core leadership of the party, which is a decisive factor in the failure of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Khrushchev and Gorbachev both grew up after the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. They did not establish a scientific world outlook and outlook on life, let alone the ideal of communism. Some comrades of the Russian Communist Party said that their betrayal will eventually be judged by justice. Others believe that the Soviet Union has been surrounded by capitalism for a long time, fighting alone and building socialism in one country. Even though the socialist camp led by the Soviet Union was formed after the Second World War, it was still seriously suppressed by the capitalist world. Western hostile forces tried every means to bring down the Soviet Union and other socialist countries by political, economic, cultural and even military means. They even used the means of buying off senior party and state cadres and anti socialist elements to make them become the "fifth column" and act as "Rangers" and "Democrats" in the upheaval in order to realize their conspiracy.
In short, the lessons of the Soviet Communist Party's failure need to be well summarized in order to become a lesson for us to better build socialism with Chinese characteristics.
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