Modern China was opened by war. Why did modern China's anti aggression war fail? What wars did modern China have? The following is what I did for you. I hope it will be useful to you.
Chapter I trade and opium
In short, Westerners want to do business with us after the industrial revolution. However, the Chinese handicraft industry is too developed. They come to trade with China. Our silk, tea, porcelain and so on are excellent in workmanship and super competitive. They are comparable to today's iPhone 4S. In addition, in terms of tax rate, China needs to levy a high tax rate of 20% on British imports. At the same time, due to the corruption of Customs bureaucrats, In addition to the tax rate, it also generates a lot of unpredictable expenses, which is greatly dissatisfied by the UK. (I strongly despise the Qing government again. There are so many hidden rules for levying such high taxes!!) Therefore, China has always made money in our transactions with the West. The total loss is not a way, so some (not all can be covered by points) unscrupulous Western businessmen sell opium to China. This thing is known to all, profiteering and addiction. (I personally strongly despise drug trafficking) and then destructed opium trade grew bigger and bigger, and then a famous Humen cigarette was sold. This is the right thing to do, and the wrong is the black hearted businessman. It is a world consensus that the drug trade must be combated. At this time, the British government made unreasonable demands for compensation for the losses, which of course could not be compensated to him. So he called and lost. Troops, 200000 in the Qing Dynasty. 19000 British troops. Casualties, 22790 casualties in the Qing Dynasty and 523 casualties in the British Army (69 dead). We can only say that Mencius is right! People will humiliate themselves and future generations will humiliate them. China has never lost in the internal struggle or won in the external struggle. It's terrible to tear down a house and drive a peddler. The embassy has been bombed, the South China Sea has been occupied, India has launched a missile, North Korea has conducted a nuclear test and dare not fart. There will only be solemn statements, solemn protests and strong demands... Hum, bullying soft and afraid of hard, what.
Background:
1. The Qing government officials accepted bribes from opium traffickers and acquiesced in the use of Chinese sampans for opium smuggling in Lingdingyang near Guangzhou, making the ban as if in vain.
2. On April 7, the British House of Commons held a heated debate on this, and finally passed the military action [9] by 271 votes to 262 votes. The British government has never officially declared war and believes that the military action is only a kind of retaliation rather than war.
In conclusion, according to the analysis of Rhodes Murphy, the deep reason for the British sending troops is to have the opportunity of free trade with the huge Chinese market, so as to directly enter the Chinese market. And I hope the Qing government can recognize Britain as an equal country. However, due to China's unequal diplomacy, such as the traditional world order and the five service tribute system, and its arrogant attitude, Britain could not tolerate being despised or ignored and excluded. China's attitude was out of place in the international community that had entered the modern world at that time. Britain regards China's refusal as a sign of backwardness, and some Westerners also have a sense of mission to use force to push China into the modern world when necessary, believing that it will bring benefits to both sides. It was the arrogance of both sides that led to the outbreak of frontal conflict.
After the second Opium War, there is nothing to say, that is, the continuation and depth of the first Opium War, and Russia took the opportunity to occupy a large area of land. There is really nothing to say. People will humiliate themselves and others.
Chapter II the situation of the Sino Japanese War
Japan is different from Britain. There are no more than three modes of modern democratic regime: British and American constitutional model, French and Russian far left model, German and Japanese far right model. What happened to the French Russian model? Stalin, tyrant. Germany and Japan, not to mention fascism. Both the far left and the far right are the same. The so-called socialist fascism is divorced in appearance and in spirit.
Therefore, Britain will not launch military action until parliament has been tangled and debated for a long time. It is not war. Moreover, all he wants is to trade and make money, and once the rules are formulated, he will play cards according to the rules. For example, Hurd, an Englishman, has been in charge of China's customs for half a century, and has also established China's modern postal system, which has made great contributions. For example, Japan and Russia want land. There is no bottom line for naked aggression and occupation. Civilization and barbarism, this is the gap, and the blind can see it. In such a Japan, he didn't care about anything and just beat, smash and rob. In the Sino Japanese naval battle of 1894-1895, the combat effectiveness was actually equal. There is no pre War intelligence of Chinese shells mixed with sand. In addition, Li Hongzhang's political enemy, Shang shuweng, the then head of household, and Su, on the grounds of loving the Empress Dowager's birthday, deducted the military expenses of the naval Yamen to repair the summer palace. It's strange that they didn't lose the battle. Commenting on Li Hongzhang: "I have been the sole leader of state affairs for decades. I have always been in charge of internal affairs and diplomacy. I have endured humiliation and shouldered heavy responsibilities, and I am worthy of being a minister of the country. Only I am happy with my talents, so that I can drive people away with profits and salaries. Many people with lofty ideals and integrity are not happy to use them. Don't rely on my haste, and my death will lead to failure. Is there no reason to suppress the rise of suspicion and slander?"
Chapter III Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Concise and to the point. The official evaluation of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is too high. It is nonsense to say that there is a complete revolution and great historical significance, and shaking the rule of the Qing government is conducive to the progress of history. The real reason is that our Dynasty is too similar to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and denying the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is equivalent to denying itself. Specifically, praising the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is nothing more than:
1. The Tian Mu system of China (you see, China) denies the land ownership of feudal landlords and advocates equality between rich and poor. It is said that these propositions have progressive significance... Indeed, they have progressive significance. Then China established the people's commune half a century ago. What's the result?
2. The new chapter on senior administration is in the textbook, but I can't find these four words when I search the entry of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom on the wiki encyclopedia. Maybe someone really "put it forward". But
3. When it comes to equality between men and women in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Hong Xiuquan has more than 2000 wife numbers. How can we say equality? I don't understand at all. It is said that due to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement, the number of dead people in China has reached nine figures. If you don't believe yourself, go to Baidu. What a catastrophe.
Chapter IV boxers and the Eight Power Allied forces
The reason was that the boxers, with the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty and exterminating the foreign countries", went to Beijing to serve the king, killed foreigners and believers everywhere, burned churches, demolished power lines, destroyed railways, and attacked the Tianjin concession. What is the embassy area? Which country's embassy is which country's territory. Now the United States has absolute sovereignty over the area of the U.S. Embassy in Beijing. The Chinese Embassy in the United States is the same. The place of the embassy is not the United States, but China. The boxers attacked foreign embassies, which was an undeclared war. In other words, the so-called "Eight Allied forces' War of aggression against China" was actually anti aggression at the beginning, because it was the family we invaded first. Of course, in the later stage of development, the Eight Power Allied forces invaded our country, burning, killing and looting committed all kinds of evil, as we all know.
Chapter V war of resistance against Japan
All the information I'm looking for is blocked and can't be written. The results can only be written. The Chinese government's army suffered more than 3.22 million casualties, of which about 1.32 million were killed in battle;
The Communist Party of China lost more than 580000 troops, of which more than 160000 were killed in battle. China's military and civilian casualties totaled about 36 million.
The Kuomintang army suffered a total of 4.54 million casualties, while the Communist Party of China suffered 740000 casualties, less than one sixth of the casualties of the Kuomintang army. The national army is the real pillar of the nation and the main force of Anti Japanese. The Warring States Army of the Songhu meeting turned the war into a protracted war. After that, the war lasted for eight years. The French army was attacked by the German army for six weeks, and the country was broken. Britain also relied on a large amount of military assistance from the United States to support it. Only China, with little foreign aid, could fight hard for eight years. Therefore, President Roosevelt called Chiang Kai Shek the hardest leader in the Far East, After World War II, China was able to become one of the five major countries of the United Nations (Chiang Kai Shek ~). At the end of the war of resistance against Japan, the national army lost all the veterans who could enlist and be good at war, the state machine did not work well, the regime almost collapsed, and there was no civil war. Finally, the national army failed in the contest with the Communist Party and retreated to Taiwan. The Communist Party of China gained political power and founded the country for the people's Republic of China. Therefore, when Tanaka Jiaorong visited China in 1972, Mao Zedong said to Tanaka Jiaorong, "thank you for invading China, otherwise we can't get political power.". (shameless, pathetic, this is the traitor! -. - ~) compared with the Kuomintang's active war of resistance against Japan, the Communist Party is much more negative. At that time, Vladimirov, the liaison officer of the Communist International in Yan'an, wrote in the Yan'an diary: "the Eighth Route Army implements the strategy that we don't touch others and others don't touch us, and preserves its strength at any cost." The only large-scale military action launched by the Eighth Route Army against Japan in the war of resistance against Japan was the hundred regiments war, but this campaign was launched by general Peng Dehuai. In fact, the central government clearly opposed it. By the time of the "" war, general Peng was criticized and convicted of the crime of counter revolution. One of the charges was to launch the hundred regiments war, because it was equivalent to helping the Kuomintang, so it was counter revolution (God like logic, I have no words about it). Finally, Peng Dehuai was persecuted to death in 1974 and was rehabilitated in 1978. Stalin said: "the victor can naturally have the right to express history, and the Victor has the right not to be criticized." To be honest.