The disintegration of the Soviet Union at the end of the 20th century caused a shock all over the world. So what is the reason for the disintegration of the former Soviet Union? Now let me analyze the reasons for the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, hoping to help you.
1、 The Soviet Union's own reasons
The disintegration of the Soviet Union is a major event that shocked the whole world. Academia generally believes that the disintegration of the Soviet Union is "the result of the social joint force of many factors". Most of them believed that the internal reasons of the Soviet Union were the main reasons, and the external forces led by the United States only played a certain role in promoting it. Among many internal factors, most scholars tend to look for the answer from the historical root, and believe that "the traditional system of the Soviet Union has been unable to go on because of too many disadvantages, and has entered a dead end. Generally speaking, the disintegration of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the disintegration of the Soviet Union are the result of decades of continuous accumulation, latent deterioration, development and general outbreak of contradictions". Because the economic foundation determines the superstructure, among the many historical disadvantages, the economic disadvantages are the most important.
（1） The fundamental role of economic ills
This aspect mainly refers to the serious disadvantages of the Soviet Union in economic development strategy and economic system, and the failure of economic construction. Some people regard it as the root of many factors and believe that "political factors and other superstructure factors are undoubtedly very important, but the premise and conditions of economy are decisive in the final analysis".
As we all know, in the early days of the establishment of the Soviet Union, in order to consolidate the new Soviet state power, a highly centralized planned economy model was gradually formed, which focused on heavy industry and military industry and ignored the development of light industry and civil industry. This economic model played a great role in the war years. However, after World War II, this economic model has not adapted to social development. Especially after Stalin's death in 1953, this economic model has been in crisis. The main manifestations are: daily consumer goods are seriously scarce and of poor quality, and consumers prefer to buy foreign goods rather than domestic goods; Many collective farms and even the agriculture of the whole region are in a state of no one's intervention, and the physical and cash income of collective farms is very small; The development of animal husbandry is not smooth, and the number of cattle herds has not even returned to the pre war level; Backward production of potatoes and vegetables; Grain production is still hovering at the level before the revolution. The reason for these phenomena lies in the following disadvantages of this economic system: first, the lack of internal dynamic mechanism of economic development; Secondly, as the first factor of productivity, man cannot be fully liberated; Furthermore, to restrain the development and progress of science and technology; Fourth, large economic scale, large waste, high consumption and low efficiency; Fifth, disconnect from the world. That is, its chimney economy cannot keep up with the scientific and technological level of major countries in the world.
What is more serious is that although Stalin's successor has carried out a series of reforms, it has become more and more serious. For example, during Khrushchev's tenure, unscientific and blind promoted the cultivation of corn in a large area of the cold Soviet Union. What happened? Not only did there not be such a bumper harvest as expected, but there was a large-scale reduction in production and even no harvest in some areas. During the Brezhnev period, he was busy with global hegemony with the United States in an all-round way, and had always emphasized that giving priority to the development of heavy industry was the unshakable general line of the Soviet Union. More than 60% of the total products of the national machinery manufacturing industry are goods of military significance, while the proportion of durable consumer goods accounts for only 5% - 6%, and 75% of the national allocation for the development of science is used for the needs of military scientific research. This war ready economy seriously deviated from the normal track of economic development, which will inevitably lead to the final collapse of the Soviet economy. After Gorbachev came to power, he did not change the economic situation of the Soviet Union, and the proportion of heavy, light and agriculture was still seriously unbalanced. Moreover, it was the impassability of economic reform that led to the political reform that sent the Soviet Union to the grave.
Serious defects in the economic system will inevitably lead to serious consequences: first, the economic crisis has exacerbated ethnic contradictions; Secondly, the gap with western countries is widening; Moreover, the lack of economic benefits for the people breeds a crisis of trust. Some people say that the Soviet regime gained from the people and lost to the people to a certain extent. Fourth, the rigidity of the economic system has deprived socialism of vitality and vigor; Fifth, the militarized economy has greatly consumed the country's human, material and financial resources. It can be seen that the planned economic system of the Soviet Union can no longer keep up with the booming economy after the world modern scientific and technological revolution. More seriously, the economic problems of the Soviet Union not only promoted the disintegration of the Soviet Union, but also stimulated other factors that could promote the disintegration of the Soviet Union to a certain extent.
（2） The role of ethnic issues
Sakhanov, director of the Institute of Russian history of the Russian Academy of Sciences, believes that according to the development process of world history, the multi-ethnic country will disintegrate sooner or later due to slow development. The disintegration of the multi-ethnic empire of the Soviet Union only repeats the similar regular phenomenon of historical development. Another scholar neshko believes that the dominant trend of historical development in the 20th century is the disintegration of multi-ethnic countries, so the final disintegration of the Soviet Union in the colonial empire is in line with the law of historical development. From this point of view, the collapse of the Soviet Union, a multi-ethnic country with more than 100 nationalities, is inevitable. However, the issue of national contradictions in the Soviet Union is still worthy of our discussion, because it did play an important role in the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union made great mistakes in national theory and national policy. "In fact, it is the attitude of the participating republics that ultimately determines the survival of the Soviet Union, which is directly related to national issues." The national problems of the Soviet Union are mainly reflected in: first, the successive Soviet leaders after Lenin lack scientific national theory to guide the solution of national problems. As a multi-ethnic country, the Soviet Union is very important to maintain the harmonious coexistence of all ethnic groups. However, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union simply equates the national contradiction with class contradiction and class struggle, and regards the national process and social process as synchronous. The result is divorced from reality, and haste is less than speed. Secondly, the wrong ethnic policy has buried the root of the intensification of ethnic contradictions. The Soviet Union implemented a failed national policy aimed at maintaining the unity of all ethnic groups, which actually promoted the awakening of domestic national consciousness. On the one hand, the national policy of the Soviet Union recognized and encouraged the development of the language and culture of all ethnic groups and allowed the autonomy of national autonomous republics; On the other hand, the centralization of power in the Soviet Union and the dominance of Russians in the state power made "great Russians" prevail, bullying and suppressing ethnic minorities, which was too heavy and too long. Once it broke out, the unified Soviet Union would be torn apart. Third, due to the lack and immaturity of theory, the leaders of the Soviet Union did not realize the huge defects in the national system for a long time. The Soviet Union is actually a unitary centralized state. However, the leadership of the Soviet Communist Party has not seriously solved how to make the participating republics voluntarily stay in the alliance and ensure that they exercise their sovereignty from theory and practice. This undoubtedly set aside a time bomb for the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Fourth, religious issues always accompanied by ethnic issues. The Soviet Union carried out the anti religious movement by administrative means. Adopt excessive policies against religious organizations and clergy. Religious issues are often intertwined with ethnic issues. When the wrong religious policies push religious organizations in the direction of anti socialism, they also further enhance the mistrust of ethnic regions towards the Central Committee of the alliance.
Due to the above problems, nationalism suddenly raged in the Soviet republics in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Under such circumstances, the national values and national sovereignty of the Soviet people, the resulting political, social, economic and cultural achievements, and the spiritual wealth jointly created by all ethnic groups were all disintegrated. Such national contradictions and the leadership of the joining Republic are the hands that finally tore the Soviet Union to pieces.
（4） Personal factors in the disintegration of the Soviet Union
Although historical materialism emphasizes that the people are the creators of history. But what if this individual is a country? Especially in the Soviet Union, a country with a highly centralized political system. Therefore, those individuals who are the supreme leaders of the Soviet Union have played an important role in the development and reform of the Soviet Union, and they also have unshirkable responsibilities.
Most scholars believe that the disintegration of the Soviet Union began during Khrushchev's administration and completed Gorbachev's radical reform. But in fact, the personal factors in the disintegration of the Soviet Union can even be pushed back to Stalin's administration. Because his mistakes in socialist theory and practice are the potential factors for the disintegration of the Soviet Union. In theory, he did not recognize the basic contradiction of socialism, believed in the principle of automatic adaptation and expanded the class struggle. The typical example is the great cleaning in the 1930s. In realizing socialism, we should follow the dogmatic line. In practice, the problems are as follows: in terms of regime and regime construction, they reject the principle of democracy and engage in personal worship; Economic construction excludes the law of value and market regulation. In short, the Stalin Model and Stalin system seriously corroded the social organism of the Soviet Union, died of a long illness and finally became a terminal disease. Stalin was the one who planted the root cause of the disintegration of the Soviet Union!
The Soviet Union was ill and needed famous doctors. However, Stalin's successor Khrushchev not only failed to cure the disease, but became more serious. When Khrushchev was in power, the reform he carried out was false communism. What he pursued was personal interests, not the interests of society and the state. There was always an indelible thought in his mind - how to win Stalin. Khrushchev's report on "on personal worship and its consequences" at the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union is a set of fictions, distortions and falsifications of history. The consequences of Khrushchev's actions are quite serious.
First of all, he lost the initiative of Stalin and failed to further promote economic and social development. After World War II, Stalin tried to establish a new model in the Soviet Union and arrange life according to a new concept. The task of accelerating the development of high and new technology was put forward in February 1946. This is an innovative program based on atomic and aerospace technology. This program is very beneficial to the future development of the Soviet Union. But Khrushchev's non Stalinization lost the spirit of innovation. Due to inertia, the Soviet Union failed to keep up with the tide of social and cultural revolution and scientific and technological revolution around the world in the late 1960s.
His report at the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union caused the division of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, undermined the stability and unity of the country, and buried the hidden danger of national disintegration. Led to the division of the Communist movement, a large number of Communists in western countries withdrew from the party and lost important allies such as China and Yugoslavia. In addition, during Khrushchev's reign, the Party style of the Soviet Communist Party began to deteriorate. His subjective voluntarism is the desire to make the party and society obey their own will and the formation of his personal worship. In terms of national politics, there is a serious disconnect between the top and bottom in leading the country, inconsistent words and deeds, overlapping organizations, and serious nepotism and sectarianism in promoting cadres, undermining Marxist Leninist theory.
Most seriously, the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union created a group of grave diggers for the collapse of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, such as Gorbachev and Yakovlev. In fact, the youth period when Gorbachev's world outlook was formed was the period when Khrushchev completely denied Stalin, denied the history of the party, and proposed the party and the state of the whole people. This left a deep mark on Gorbachev and even the whole generation he represented in the process of ideological growth, shaking and even disintegrating their faith in communism and the socialist road. It can be seen that Khrushchev, a reformer, not only failed to reform the Soviet Union well, but changed it to be good for nothing, and there are endless hidden dangers!
The last one is Gorbachev, who really pushed the Soviet Union into the abyss. Some scholars even blame him for the upheaval in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union. This is obviously unfair, but it also reflects that he is responsible. For him, there are the following analysis: first, Gorbachev's political attitude and the failure of his reform policy. Gorbachev was a radical reformist. His reform went beyond the extent and scope that the terminally ill Soviet Union could bear. His greatest failure was to weaken and give up the leadership of the Soviet Communist Party for reform. As the Russian textbook said: the appeasement stance paralyzed the leadership of the Soviet Communist Party, further disintegrated the party, and greatly weakened the Central Committee of the union, because a unified Communist Party is still an important link of the Soviet system. This appeasement has directly led to ideological confusion, economic decline, sharp social contradictions, national division and the disintegration of the country. Second, the two sides of Gorbachev's character. On the one hand, he thought he was a powerful leader who could reform the key points in the Soviet system. On the other hand, he is a leader who is willing to listen, willing to learn and not tough enough. His indecisive character can not sustain the reform and can not take the storm during the coup. Third, Gorbachev's uniqueness as a leader of the Soviet Union. On the one hand, although all socialist countries have their own leaders, there is only one leader of the socialist camp - Gorbachev at that time. As a result, his workload is too heavy and he pays too much attention to things, so that he can't think deeply about some important things related to the overall situation. On the other hand, it refers to his criticism of the Soviet Union's past. He advocated a thorough reform of the past system, which promoted the destruction of the legitimacy of communism.
Therefore, in terms of personal role, Stalin laid hidden dangers for the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Khrushchev made the Soviet Union terminally ill, and finally Gorbachev destroyed the Soviet Union!
2、 External factors led by the United States
The United States has been the number one enemy of the Soviet Union since World War II. The disintegration of the Soviet Union is absolutely inseparable from the "foot digging" behavior of the west, as well as the long-term activities of Western secret service organizations. Therefore, the cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union was also a major culprit in the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
The so-called cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union means that there has been no real hot war between the two powers in the confrontation for decades, but the two sides secretly compete due to different ideologies. First of all, it is reflected in the so-called "peaceful evolution", that is, the United States has imperceptibly influenced the thoughts of the Soviet Union through media means such as VOA and Radio Free Europe. It made the Soviets more inclined to take the road of American capitalism and disintegrate the Soviet Union from within.
The second is the economic strategy of the United States. Specifically, militarily, the Soviet Union has leapt from a European power to a world power because it is the world's leading country in conventional arms. In order to compete with the United States, which already possessed nuclear weapons, Stalin ignored the restoration and development of the national economy, but concentrated the whole country on the research and development of nuclear weapons. The Soviet Union broke the nuclear monopoly of the United States, but embarked on the high consumption road of nuclear arms race with the United States. Brezhev attaches great importance not only to the development of conventional weapons, but also to the development of nuclear weapons. Thus, in the 1970s, the Soviet Union had caught up with and surpassed the United States in the number of strategic nuclear weapons. However, the long-term arms race has also hindered the improvement of people's living standards. Especially in the 1980s, the Reagan administration launched the trillion dollar "Star Wars Program" to introduce the arms race into space. The purpose was to let the Soviet Union concentrate its strength on military affairs and bring down the Soviet Union economically. The long-term arms race enabled the Soviet Union to maintain its status as a great power, but it developed its national defense strength at any cost, exhausted its own strength, made the people's living standard extremely incompatible with its status as a superpower, and caused social contradictions and crises in the Soviet Union.
In addition to consuming the economic strength of the Soviet Union militarily. The US economic containment strategy against the Soviet Union also hindered the development of the Soviet Union's foreign trade and its connection with the world economy. It was also that the Soviet Union was almost isolated from the capitalist world in the fourth scientific and technological revolution, which affected the development of high and new technology and the transformation of economic model from extensive to intensive. For example, in order to contain the Soviet Union economically, the Truman government introduced the East-West trade control policy. Its main contents are as follows: a comprehensive ban on the direct or indirect import of strategic materials, scarce commodities and technical materials related to strategic materials into the countries of eastern Jiangsu. In addition, the United States fought an economic war with the Soviet Union with its oil strategy, and reduced the hard currency income of the Soviet Union through controlling the oil price, thus affecting the normal development of the national economy of the Soviet Union. For example, the United States supported Saudi Arabia's oil production in 1985, which made Saudi Arabia's daily oil output soar from less than 2 million barrels to about 6 million barrels in the first few weeks, and climbed to about 9 million barrels a day in the late autumn of that year, which led to the overall decline of international oil prices. The oil price was $30 / barrel in August 1985 and fell to $12 / barrel in April 1986. The Soviet Union lost more than $10 billion in hard currency overnight, almost half of the Soviet Union's total hard currency income. The United States also restricted the amount of natural gas exports from the Soviet Union. What is more shameful is that it transferred wrong technology to the Soviet Union to destroy the Soviet economy. The explosion of Siberian natural gas pipeline in 1982 is the embodiment of this policy. Although there were no casualties, the explosion had a serious impact on the Soviet economy.
To sum up, it can be seen that although the United States did not engage in a large-scale direct war with the Soviet Union, it won an overwhelming victory in the cold war, a battlefield without gunsmoke, especially in the economic war!
The disintegration of the Soviet Union, the first socialist country in the world, was an immeasurable loss to the international communist movement and the socialist cause. However, it has also educated the Communists and revolutionary people all over the world from the negative side and aroused deep thinking in other socialist countries. More than ten years after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, it is very necessary to seriously study and analyze the causes of its disintegration, and scientifically summarize the Enlightenment of universal significance to the construction and development of socialist countries. It will become our rare negative wealth.
I. combating corruption is related to the long-term stability of the country
"The corruption of the Soviet Communist Party cadres and the emergence of a privileged class in the party have aroused the dissatisfaction of the people..." this is another view on the causes of the disintegration of the Soviet Union. First of all, we should affirm that this view is correct and worthy of attention. The work style of the ruling party is related to the image of the party, the popular will and the life and death of the party and the country.
At present, the academic circles generally believe that the number of the privileged class in the Soviet Union is about 500000-600000 (some also believe that their families should be added, so that there are about 3 million people, and the lineup of this "privileged class" is quite large. But I'm afraid they should not be connected with their families). The Russian word "privileged class" originally means "name collection". Some are translated into "official rank list", and some are simply translated into "privileged class". But who is it made up of? What kind of "privilege" do you enjoy? No one has made an accurate statement on this.
The real "privileged class" refers to those who "abuse power for personal gain" by taking advantage of their power. How many of them? What is the proportion of 500000-600000 people in the so-called "privileged class"? So far, no such materials have been seen. Of course, we should not underestimate the role of these people in undermining the prestige of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and affecting the relationship between the party and the masses and between cadres and the masses. But we can't just use "a mouse excrement spoils a pot of soup" to illustrate its impact on the disintegration of the Soviet Union. If we don't even know how many people there are in the "privileged class", how can we estimate their role in the disintegration of the Soviet Union?
In fact, in the distribution system of the Soviet society, on the one hand, there was a problem of unfair distribution, such as the "privileged class", but the more important disadvantage was the "big pot of rice". There was little difference between mental work and manual work, complex work and simple work, and even the brain was upside down. In 1985, the average wage ratio of workers and technicians in the industrial sector was 100:110; Agriculture is 100 ∶ 135; The construction industry is reversed, 100:98. Specifically, the average monthly salary of the transportation department is 220.3 rubles, that of the post and Telecommunications Department is 159.5 rubles, that of the education department is 150.0 rubles, that of the scientific research department is 202.4 rubles, and that of the State Administration Department is 166.2 rubles. (14) the average monthly salary of employees in the administrative and economic departments of the whole country is 190.1 rubles. It can be seen that there is indeed little wage difference between various types of work and people working in various fields across the country.
First of all, we should see that this proposition of the disintegration of the Soviet Communist Party has a serious impact on the masses. Therefore, we should first see that it has a serious impact on the disintegration of the Soviet Communist Party; At the same time, how many people are there in this privileged class? The extent to which corruption in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union has developed needs further research in order to make a scientific answer; More importantly, we should distinguish the boundary between the necessary "differences" and "privileges" in the distribution system, and we should not regard reasonable differences in wages and treatment as privileges.
2、 To safeguard national unity, we must adhere to the party's leadership and the socialist road
The most important lesson of the drastic changes and disintegration of the Soviet Union is that in socialist countries, in order to maintain social stability, national unity and territorial integrity, we must adhere to the leadership of the Communist Party and the socialist road. This is determined by the nature of the socialist state itself and by the nature of the Communist Party.
In socialist countries, the Communist Party, as the political representative and vanguard of the social advanced class - the proletariat, determines the direction of social development. This is the socialist road. As an advanced mass political party, it has united millions of Party members with various institutions and grass-roots organizations, and has become the main force of political socialization in society; As a complete, unified and integrated political party, it has attracted most managers and experts from all walks of life; As an outstanding political party of all ethnic groups, it brings together all regions and nationalities and plays an important role in promoting the great unity of the people of all ethnic groups and safeguarding the unity and territorial integrity of a multi-ethnic country; As a political party that mobilizes and contacts the masses, it strives to win the support of the masses for the proletarian regime and resolve all kinds of discontent and contradictions through the political leadership of various mass organizations and the concerted action of its ordinary Party members. The lesson of the Soviet Union is that Gorbachev's reform developed from "reforming" the party to weakening and abolishing the party, which made the state and society lose their cohesive strength, led to social chaos, and finally deviated from the socialist road. As a result, in a multi-ethnic alliance country such as the Soviet Union, the collapse of the Communist Party, which united the advanced elements of all ethnic groups, caused the proliferation of liberalism and nationalism and plunged the country into a state of division.
It can be seen that in socialist countries, adhering to the party's leadership and adhering to the socialist road is a major key to national unity, social stability and national survival. To adhere to the party's leadership, we must strengthen the party's self-construction and improve the party's leadership. For a long time, the Soviet Union did not distinguish between the party and the government and replaced the government with the party, which affected other settings in the political system to actively play their respective roles. At the same time, a series of problems in the self-construction of the Soviet Communist Party made the party in the process of continuous transformation.
The self disintegration of the Soviet Communist Party finally led to the end of the socialist system in the Soviet Union and the disintegration of the Soviet Union. This event proves how important it is to strengthen the party's leadership over the state and society and how important the party's self-construction is. Consistent from beginning to end, consistent from beginning to end, the party can consistently represent and reflect the interests of the masses. Only when the party can consistently maintain its advanced nature, scientific nature, and timely reveal and grasp and follow the laws of historical development can we truly realize the leadership of the party so as to win the trust of the masses and consciously accept and obey the leadership of the party. The lesson of the Soviet Union tells us that it is not feasible to be closed to the outside world and isolate from the outside world like the Soviet Communist Party before. It is not feasible to blindly cater to the West and pursue Western values like Gorbachev's period. Socialist construction must follow its own path. The important thing is to adapt to the new situation and realize the policy of reform and opening up. The purpose of this reform and opening up is to finally realize the essence of socialism, that is, starting from the interests of the people and the country, carry forward socialist democracy and vigorously develop social productive forces to meet the growing material and spiritual needs of the people.
3、 We will reform the political system, improve and improve the socialist democracy and legal system, and mobilize local enthusiasm
An important lesson from the upheaval and disintegration of the Soviet Union is that we must recognize that socialist countries also have arduous reform tasks in terms of national political system. The superiority of the basic socialist political system is very important, but it can not replace the shortcomings and defects of the political system. The socialist political system itself is in the process of continuous development and change, and it must constantly adapt to the development and change of society.
The disadvantage of the Soviet system of the Soviet Union lies not only in the fact that the Soviet is in a position of powerlessness and can not shoulder the burden of leading the country by substituting the party for the government, but also in the failure to deal with the relationship between the central and local governments on the whole, especially between the central government and the participating republics dominated by ethnic minorities. The centralization of all power in the central government leads to excessive centralization of power. As a result, local enthusiasm can not be brought into full play. More importantly, it causes new ethnic problems in ethnic minority areas, forms ethnic estrangement and ethnic distrust, interweaves ethnic problems that are not easy to solve with local problems, and complicates the problems.
In socialist countries, we should strengthen and constantly improve the democratic and legal systems, and establish an effective system for the people to participate in, discuss and supervise government affairs; Adjust the relationship between the central and local governments to make it standardized and legalized; We should give full play to the respective advantages of central centralization and local decentralization, adhere to the principle of democratic centralism, and attract ethnic minorities to participate in and discuss state affairs, which is the fundamental guarantee for the embodiment of socialist democracy, the realization of national harmony and the maintenance of national unity. At the same time, we should not be soft hearted and resolutely fight back against the forces of ethnic minorities who use ethnic and religious issues to create ethnic contradictions, ethnic disputes and split the country. In this regard, the lessons of Gorbachev's period are very prominent. Being bound by the so-called democracy, blindly tolerating and accommodating nationalism, and failing to crack down on national separatist forces can only lead to serious national conflicts and the disintegration of the state.
4、 Carrying out economic reform, liberating and developing productive forces, narrowing the economic gap and realizing common prosperity are the economic basis for safeguarding national unity and national unity
"The highly centralized political and economic system of the Soviet Union has affected the development of political democracy and economic democracy, thus hindering social progress and leading to the disintegration of the Soviet Union". The highly centralized political and economic system is a typical feature of the Soviet Union's society in the past 70 years. With the social progress and the arrival of the wave of new technological revolution, the disadvantages of this system are becoming more and more obvious. This is the reason why we must carry out profound reform of the political and economic system characterized by the Soviet model. However, it is still unconvincing to say that these disadvantages directly led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The incompleteness of this view is that we only pay attention to the "disadvantages" of the system, but do not pay attention to the "reasonable" factors existing in the system. Many years after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russian scholars learned from the bitter experience and realized that the Soviet system at that time not only had the "arbitrary" and "centralized" side that needed to be reformed, but also had the "authority" and "centralized" side that any state system must operate. The two components are intertwined. "Centralization" contains the necessary elements of "authority and centralization"; When "concentration" goes to the extreme, it becomes "arbitrary". We must dialectically analyze this system. Obviously, it is inaccurate to summarize the essence of the whole system only with a single feature such as "autocracy". The mistake of Gorbachev and others is to completely deny the system and advocate "unrestricted democratization and openness". As a result, they "pour out the children together with the bath water", resulting in social chaos. The difficulty in really summing up the disadvantages of the Soviet system lies in the degree to which the political or economic system of a socialist country should be "democratic" and "centralized", and where the "degree" or "boundary" is.
The deep root of the disintegration of the Soviet Union is the historical limitations of the Soviet economic model, which hinder the development of productive forces and have not been solved for a long time. Before the 1960s, the social economy of the Soviet Union grew rapidly, and man-made earth satellites took the lead in flying in space. How brilliant and dazzling the first socialist country of mankind was. It not only had cohesion within the alliance, but also attracted the nations of the world striving for liberation, and also caused a trust crisis in the western world. However, since the 1970s, with the rise of the world's new technological revolution, western developed countries have obtained new opportunities and entered a new period of development. However, the traditional system of the Soviet Union did not meet the requirements of the new technological revolution, the economic growth was slow, and gradually entered a period of stagnation and recession. The huge economic contrast caused new changes in cohesion and centrifugation, and the Soviet Union was facing the crisis of belief and disintegration.
Social existence determines people's consciousness. In the era of peace and development, the center of economic development and the center of politics, culture and science formed on this basis must be the Holy Land and focus of people's yearning. This is true of a country and the world; This is true in history and now. The vitality of the economy is also the vitality of the political power, the country and the party; Economic cohesion is also the cohesion of political power, the cohesion of the state and the cohesion of the ruling party. Under the condition that socialism eliminates exploitation and oppression and realizes national equality, the flow of people and people in border areas and the centripetality and centrifugation in ethnic areas ultimately depend on the decisive force of economy, whether social production develops, whether comprehensive national strength is strengthened and whether people's living standards are improved. In the socialist market economy, we should first consider efficiency and fairness. Common interests are the basis of unity. Carrying out economic reform, liberating and developing productive forces, narrowing the economic gap and realizing common prosperity are the economic basis for safeguarding national unity and national unity.
5、 Dogmatic understanding and ideological rigidity of Marxism in the field of ideology
"The main reason for the collapse of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union lies in the dogmatic understanding and rigid thought of Marxism in the ideological field, and the lack of theoretical innovation", which is also a widely circulated saying in the society at present. Similarly, we can't say that this view is wrong, but it seems to only talk about one aspect of the problem. In the ideological field of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union for 70 years, there are not only adhering to and developing Marxism, but also the ideological trend of betraying Marxism; Both the dogmatic attitude towards Marxism and the dogmatic worship of Western political and economic systems... Often all kinds of ideas are intertwined, and sometimes one tendency covers up another. As for what period and tendency prevailed, we should make a specific analysis. It is by no means an expression of "dogmatism" that can summarize all the ideological characteristics of the Soviet Communist Party, let alone the main reason for the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
As we all know, Lenin successfully carried out the October Revolution by breaking through the relevant specific judgment of Marxism on the launch of the socialist revolution, so as to make Marxism develop to the Leninist stage. The "new economic policy" implemented in the 1920s is a great development of Marxist theory of commodity economy and market economy. In the 1930s and 1950s, without any experience to learn from, the Soviet Union built a socialist society characterized by the "Stalin Model" for the first time in human history. No matter how future generations evaluated the Stalin model, at that time, it solved at least two main problems on the way forward of the Soviet Union: one is survival and the other is development. Facing the siege of capitalism, especially the fascist aggression, it should defend the country's sovereignty and independence; In addition to industrial indicators, all social development indicators are in the position of the most backward country in Europe. We should solve the problem of national modernization. Facts have proved that the Soviet Union not only completely defeated fascism, but also better promoted the process of national modernization. As academician Alekseyev, vice president of the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pointed out: "Stalin understood how to push Russia to modernization and complete modernization. He put forward this task and found this road. The achievements of the Soviet Union in the process of industrialization are concrete proof. It is under the leadership of Stalin that Russia has integrated into the general process of world modernization". Famous Russian scholar and authority of agricultural collectivization research.
Disintegration of the Soviet Union (Russian: Распад СССР， English: resolution of the Soviet Union refers to the events in the early 1990s when the Communist Party of the Soviet Union lost its ruling position and the collapse of the union of Soviet Socialist Republics composed of 15 joining republics.
The Russian Federation led by Yeltsin, who won the political battle, together with Ukraine and Belarus, succeeded to the seats of the former Soviet Russia, the former Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the former Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic in the United Nations, the United Nations Security Council and its subordinate international organizations respectively on December 27, 1991. The other 12 former Soviet republics joined the United Nations as new countries. All property, deposits, diplomatic institutions, embassies and consulates of the Soviet Union overseas shall be received by Russia.
The Soviet Union disintegrated and became independent into 15 countries: the East Slav three countries, the Baltic three countries, the five Central Asian countries, the Transcaucasia three countries and Moldova.
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1. Introduction to the disintegration of the Soviet Union
2. Causes and lessons of the disintegration of the Soviet Union
3. Causes and historical influence of the disintegration of the Soviet Union
4. What are the reasons and lessons of the disintegration of the Soviet Union
5. What is the real reason for the disintegration of the Soviet Union