Every great God is a rookie, and so is the computer! Today, I'll share with you a complete collection of computer knowledge. If you are interested, you might as well know that rookies are necessary!
Computer knowledge is a must for rookies
Now, with the continuous improvement of people's living standards, computers, once a luxury product, have penetrated into thousands of households. However, when we use computers at ordinary times, some improper operations may cause computer failures. Therefore, we need to know some computer knowledge in advance so that our computers can play a greater role, Then I will briefly introduce some relevant knowledge about computers.
Boot attention
When we use the computer, the first step is to start the computer. The computer is generally divided into three types. The first is cold start, which is the most commonly used startup program. We can start it by pressing the reset key. If our computer crashes, we can press the reset button of the computer host, which is usually located below the power supply of the host. If we encounter a power failure or system crash, we usually need a hot start.
Screen saver
Then comes the knowledge of computer screen. Generally speaking, an ordinary computer screen can be used for about 5 to 6 years. In order to prolong the service life as much as possible, we try to turn it off when we don't use the computer at ordinary times. If it is to open the screen saver, it is a harmful and unhelpful practice. If we reinstall the system, we need to partition the computer hard disk. Generally speaking, it is best to partition between 3 and 5 areas, which is conducive to storing relevant files and will not appear too messy. When we look for relevant information in the computer, we should put some similar documents in a folder. And whether we copy or paste, we must create a new folder and remember the name of the folder. When installing a software, it should be installed in the original folder.
Anti virus cleaning
When we want to uninstall the software, we can also delete it in time, so as to avoid wasting disk space and unnecessary program conflicts. While the computer is running, it may cause poisoning, so it is necessary to set up an anti-virus software for our computer. Generally speaking, we choose the common anti-virus software on the market. For example, 360 or Jinshan drug bully. Of course, we should also check in time whether these software maliciously change the computer settings to prevent the impact on our work or study.
The above is my introduction to computer related knowledge. In fact, as the representative work of the information revolution industry, with the development of manufacturing technology, the performance of computers has been developed more and more. However, we need to pay attention to that we should be careful when using computers to avoid damage to our computers. We should take care of our computers as carefully as we take care of our bodies.
Fundamentals of computer CPU
1. Bit and word length bit of CPU: binary code is adopted in digital circuit and computer technology, and the code is only "0" and "1", in which either "0" or "1" is a "bit" in CPU.
Word length: in computer technology, the number of bits of binary numbers that the CPU can process at one time in unit time (at the same time) is called word length. Therefore, a CPU that can process data with a word length of 8 bits is usually called an 8-bit CPU. Similarly, a 32-bit CPU can process 32-bit binary data in unit time. The difference between byte and word length: since the commonly used English characters can be represented by 8-bit binary, 8-bit is usually called a byte. The length of word length is not fixed, and the length of word length is different for different CPUs. An 8-bit CPU can only process one byte at a time, while a 32-bit CPU can process 4 bytes at a time. Similarly, a 64 bit CPU can process 8 bytes at a time.
2. CPU extended instruction set
The CPU relies on instructions to calculate and control the system. When designing each CPU, it stipulates a series of instruction systems matching with its hardware circuit. The strength of instructions is also an important indicator of CPU. Instruction set is one of the most effective tools to improve the efficiency of microprocessor. From the current mainstream architecture, the instruction set can be divided into complex instruction set and reduced instruction set. From the specific application, such as Intel's MMX (multi media extended), SSE, SSE2 (streaming single instruction multiple data extensions 2), see3 and AMD's 3DNOW! These are the extended instruction sets of the CPU, which respectively enhance the processing capabilities of the CPU in multimedia, graphics and images, Internet and so on. We usually call the extended instruction set of CPU "instruction set of CPU". Sse3 instruction set is also the smallest instruction set at present. Previously, MMX contained 57 commands, SSE contained 50 commands, SSE2 contained 144 commands and sse3 contained 13 commands. At present, sse3 is also the most advanced instruction set. Intel Prescott processor has supported sse3 instruction set. AMD will add support for sse3 instruction set in the future dual core processor, and quanmeida processor will also support this instruction set.
3. Dominant frequency
The main frequency is also called clock frequency, and the unit is MHz, which is used to represent the operation speed of CPU. Main frequency of CPU = external frequency × Frequency doubling coefficient. Many people think that the main frequency determines the running speed of the CPU, which is not only one-sided, but also biased for the server. So far, no definite formula can realize the numerical relationship between the dominant frequency and the actual operation speed. Even Intel and AMD, the two major processor manufacturers, have great disputes on this point. We can see from the development trend of Intel's products that Intel attaches great importance to strengthening the development of its own dominant frequency. Like other processor manufacturers, someone once compared a fast 1g quanmeida, which is equivalent to 2G Intel processor.
Therefore, the main frequency of the CPU is not directly related to the actual computing power of the CPU. The main frequency represents the oscillation speed of the digital pulse signal in the CPU. In Intel's processor products, we can also see such examples: 1 GHz Itanium chip can perform almost as fast as 2.66 GHz Xeon / Opteron, or 1.5 GHz Itanium 2 can perform about as fast as 4 GHz Xeon / Opteron. The operation speed of the CPU also depends on the performance indicators of all aspects of the CPU pipeline.
Of course, the main frequency is related to the actual operation speed. It can only be said that the main frequency is only one aspect of CPU performance, not the overall performance of CPU.
4. fsb
External frequency is the reference frequency of CPU, and the unit is MHz. The external frequency of CPU determines the running speed of the whole motherboard. To put it bluntly, in desktop computers, what we call overclocking is the external frequency exceeding the CPU (of course, in general, the frequency doubling of the CPU is locked). I believe this is well understood. But for the server CPU, overclocking is absolutely not allowed. As mentioned earlier, the CPU determines the running speed of the motherboard. The two operate synchronously. If the server CPU is overclocked and the external frequency is changed, asynchronous operation will occur (many motherboards of desktop computers support asynchronous operation), which will cause the instability of the whole server system.
In most current computer systems, the external frequency is also the speed of synchronous operation between memory and motherboard. In this way, it can be understood that the external frequency of CPU is directly connected with memory to realize the synchronous operation between them. External frequency and front-end bus (FSB) frequency can easily be confused. In the following front-end bus introduction, let's talk about the difference between them.
5. Frequency doubling coefficient
Frequency doubling coefficient refers to the relative proportional relationship between CPU main frequency and external frequency. Under the same external frequency, the higher the frequency multiplication, the higher the CPU frequency. But in fact, under the premise of the same external frequency, the high frequency doubling CPU itself is of little significance. This is because the data transmission speed between the CPU and the system is limited. The CPU that blindly pursues high frequency multiplication and obtains high dominant frequency will have an obvious "bottleneck" effect - the limit speed of data obtained by the CPU from the system cannot meet the speed of CPU operation. Generally, except for the engineering sample version, Intel's CPU is locked with frequency doubling, while amd has not locked before.
6. cache
Cache size is also one of the important indicators of CPU, and the structure and size of cache have a great impact on CPU speed. The operation frequency of cache in CPU is very high, which generally operates at the same frequency as the processor, and the work efficiency is far greater than that of system memory and hard disk. In actual work, the CPU often needs to repeatedly read the same data block, and the increase of cache capacity can greatly improve the hit rate of data read by the CPU, instead of looking for it in memory or hard disk, so as to improve the system performance. However, due to the factors of CPU chip area and cost, the cache is very small.
7. manufacturing process
The micron of manufacturing process refers to the distance between circuits in IC. The trend of manufacturing technology is to develop in the direction of higher density. The higher the density of IC circuit design, it means that in the IC of the same size and area, it can have higher density and more complex circuit design. Now the main are 180nm, 130nm and 90nm. Recently, officials have said that there is a 65 nm manufacturing process.
8. CPU core and I / O operating voltage
Starting from 586 CPU, the working voltage of CPU is divided into core voltage and I / O voltage. Generally, the core voltage of CPU is less than or equal to I / O voltage. The size of the core voltage is determined according to the production process of the CPU. Generally, the smaller the production process is, the lower the working voltage of the core is; I / O voltage is generally 1.6 ~ 5V. Low voltage can solve the problems of excessive power consumption and excessive heating.
9. Front end bus (FSB) frequency
Front end bus (FSB) frequency (i.e. bus frequency) directly affects the data exchange speed between CPU and memory. There is a formula that can be calculated, that is, data bandwidth = (bus frequency × Data bandwidth) / 8, the maximum bandwidth of data transmission depends on the width and transmission frequency of all data transmitted at the same time. For example, the current 64 bit Xeon nocona has a front-end bus of 800MHz. According to the formula, its maximum data transmission bandwidth is 6.4gb/s.
Difference between external frequency and front-end bus (FSB) frequency: the speed of front-end bus refers to the speed of data transmission, and external frequency refers to the speed of synchronous operation between CPU and motherboard. In other words, 100MHz external frequency specifically refers to the digital pulse signal shaking 10 million times per second; The 100MHz front-end bus refers to that the amount of data transmission acceptable to the CPU per second is 100MHz × 64bit÷8Byte/bit=800MB/s。
In fact, the appearance of "HyperTransport" architecture has changed the frequency of front-end bus (FSB) in this practical sense. Previously, we knew that the IA-32 architecture must have three important components: memory controller hub (MCH), I / O controller hub and PCI hub. For example, Intel's typical chipsets Intel 7501 and Intel 7505 chipsets are tailored for dual Xeon processors. The MCH they contain provides the CPU with a front-end bus with a frequency of 533MHz. With DDR memory, the front-end bus bandwidth can reach 4.3gb/s. However, with the continuous improvement of processor performance, it has brought many problems to the system architecture. The "HyperTransport" architecture not only solves the problem, but also effectively improves the bus bandwidth. For example, amd Opteron processor, the flexible HyperTransport I / O bus architecture allows it to integrate the memory controller, so that the processor can directly exchange data with the memory without transmitting to the chipset through the system bus. In this case, the front-end bus (FSB) frequency in AMD Opteron processor does not know where to start.